Greek coins from archaeological excavations : a conspectus of conspecti and a call for chronological charts more

AGORANOMIA Studies in Money and Exchange Agoranomia Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll Edited by Peter G. van Alfen THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK 2006 Contents Preface vii Helene Nicolet-Pierre. Les Talents d'Homere 1 Raymond Descat. Argyrdnetos: Les transformations de lechange dans la Grece archai'que 21 Robert W. Wallace. KUKALIM, WALWET, and the Artemision Deposit: Problems in Early Anatolian Electrum Coinage 37 Jonathan H. Kagan. Small Change and the Beginning of Coinage at Abdera 49 Selene Psoma. The "Lete" Coinage Reconsidered 61 Edward E. Cohen. A Legal Fiction: The Athenian Law of Sale 87 Catherine Grandiean. Athens and Bronze Coinage 99 Graham }. Oliver. Polis Economies and the Cost of the Cavalry in Early Hellenistic Athens 109 Richard Ashton and Gary Reger. The Pseudo-Rhodian Drachms of Mylasa Revisited 125 Andrew R. Meadows. Amyntas, Side, and the Pamphylian Plain 151 Francois de Callatay. Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables 177 Emily Mackil and Peter G. van Alfen. Cooperative Coinage 201 Index Locorum 247 Hoard Index 253 General Index 255 Plates Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll, pp. 177-200 © 2006 The American Numismatic Society Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables Francois de Callatay* In his monumental and acclaimed publication of the Greek coins of the Athenian Agora, Jack Kroll starts with a conspectus of coins, which summarizes the catalogue. This is placed after the preface and the bibliography, but before the introduction, still within the Roman- numbered pages (Kroll 1993: xvii-xxvi). This conspectus itself is summarized on page xxvi, in what appears as a chronological table running from the sixth century bc to the fourth century ad. Devoted to such a paramount archaeological site, dealing with such a huge amount of material (16,557 identifiable coins), and compiled by no one other than Jack, this conspectus deserves particular attention. With this conspectus, organized century by century, Jack Kroll offers a unique tool, one that we should welcome with gratitude, for three reasons. (1) It deals with more material than the currently published archaeological coin finds. To focus on the centuries bc, the 12,676 Greek coins from the Athenian Agora come well ahead of the 5,682 coins from Pri- ene, the 3,817 coins from Olynthus, or the 2,176 from Susa (see Table 1 A). Huge numbers of coins indeed have been found in regular archaeological excavations but, as a rule, they are still waiting to be truly published.' In practice, archaeological publications with at least five hundred Greek coins remain few (no more than twelve; see Table 1A). (2) It deals with "Bibliotheque royale de Belgique (Brussels) and Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes (Paris/Sorbonne). I wish to thank Peter van Allen, who took the time to improve my English, and Jean-Baplisle Forestier, who supplied me with bibliographical information not available at the Brussels coin cabinet. 1. Around 54,000 for the Athenian agora (Rotroff 1997: 9), more than 30,000 ancient coins found at Seleucia on the Tigris (McDowell 1935: preface), 26,521 at Corinth for the campaigns 1936-1939 (Harris 1941: 143), 13,500 for the campaigns 1925-1930 (Theater area) (Maclsaac 1987: 98), 25,862 for Karanis (Haatvedt and Pe- terson 1964: 4-7), more than 20,000 at Thasos (Picard 1997: 29), 14,486 ancient coins for Antioch and Seleucia Pieria (Waage 1952), etc. 177 A Conspectus of Conspectuses a longer span of time, starting from the very beginning of widespread coin use, i.e., the sixth century bc. To the best of my knowledge, this is unique, (3) There was no interruption as there is with many other sites (e.g., Olynthus [nearly nothing alter c. 348 nr.] or Seuthopolis [nearly nothing after c. 275 bc]). It is the aim of this article to emphasize the value of that conspectus as well as to put it into perspective with other publications of its type. This seems appropriate, since it affords the possibility first to pay a vivid tribute to the opus of Jack Kroll, to whom this Festschrift is dedicated, then and more generally to honor the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, which has played a prominent role in the publication of Greek coins recovered from archaeological sites, as made clear in the bibliography at the end of this chapter, and finally—although not accidentally—to quote the names of Tony Hackens and Georges Le Rider, my masters in numismatics, who have both contributed to these matters. The Absolute Preponderance of Bronze Since the Fourth Century bc A basic and unmistakable fact with the Greek coins from the Athenian Agora is the absolute preponderance of bronzes. As with all the other data in this article, I eliminate the evidence for the present era, and stop, arbitrarily, at 31 bc. This involves some extra calculations since, in most publications, Greek imperial or Roman provincials are mixed with the coins struck before 31 bc. Consequently, out of 12,676 Greek coins, 12,515 are in bronze (98.7%), 161 in silver (1.3%), 3 in gold, and 1 in electrum. It may bc added that the three gold pieces and the unique electrum piece were discovered in unexpected—apparently disturbed—contexts (Rotroff 1997: 9). Is that particularly unbalanced distribution typical for the Greek world, or does the Athenian Agora give an exaggerated image of bronze issues? Table 1A below sum- marizes a large part of the useful and available evidence for Greek coins found in official ex- cavations in the eastern part of the Greek world (from continental Greece to Afghanistan).2 For each site, it is advisable to refer to Appendix 1, which provides more information.3 Sites are classified in decreasing order of quantities. The documentary gap between Athens and other published sites is very large indeed. In the list, the number of archaeological reports with more t han 1,000 Greek coins is not high- er than seven (twelve with a minimum of 500 and eighteen with at least 250). This is a poor situation in comparison with the Roman world. It may suffice to remember that Richard Reece (1991) was able to produce a much more abundant list for Roman Britain only, both 2. Hie Western evidence, Italy and Spain, has been deliberately left aside. Less deliberately, some valuable evidence is clearly missing (e.g., I did not try to sort out many excavation reports from Crimea). However, it is unlikely that this additional material would modify substantially the nature of the comments presented here. 3. As with the other tables of this article, much data had to be calculated or recalculated. In many instances, factual errors, although minor most of the time, were discovered and rectified. It would be surprising in turn if these calculations stand beyond the reach of any criticism. Francois de Callatay 179 Table iA. Distribution by metals (in numbers of coins) Sites AE AR AU EL Total Athens (ICroll 100^ 1 161 2 \ 1 2,676 Prienc (Rcgling 1927") 5,682 10 S.6t)2 Olvnthus (Robinson and ('lenient 1938) 3,480 337 _>>" * / Suss (I.€ Rider 1965) 2.074 102 2,176 Antioch. (Wiicigc 1952) 1 ,?o8 16 i>^!4 Seuthopolis (Dimitrov and Pentchev 1984) 1,270 Olvnthus (Robinson 1931) 82 (1000} 682 682 Pergatnum (Reeling 1914) 631 *-JJ4 •.\ ■ 11 v ■ 1' 1.1• 11 l >. »ys*/) 111 x ± 1 A 4 "7-1 A /44 PjuiHos fNiroiiioii 1 ooo) 1 Oelos (I'liickens 1970) /i ^07 (^ftrititn if>niin iirprt ('Pisher 1071-Rct\ <t6<; -3 488 Olvmpia (Moustflkci 1999} 1 r j 4V'> Slfn 1 c i Ri itt tv»v ft <\ 1 Infill OalUlo \l;Ulllty tl rfl. kyOXJ A A") 44 z 9 1 H c ? 4?z Pprfliimiim fW>potii 1 Qos 1 -1 >1 -> 443 44<j Karani^i /Wartl vedl and Pt*1f*v^on m(>/() ?7« A 4 282 Al-iVlina (Robinson 1937) 252 21 273 Tanis (Amandry 1997) 242 .VtervHprn:! fRftHiiridn unH (""l^meiil 1 o^Hl i^ic^vi'tttw ijxuuiiiouit .111,1 v_yicinciii lyjui 214 216 Dura Europos (Bellinger 1949) 180 8 1 07 Cnrintii Fast nf thr Theater (7(*r\rt-\<t ia&->-XX'l i cn 101 Ai TCIiflnniini (Rprnjii'ti igH^i 181 j 184 Tarsus (Cox 1950) 179 3 182 Kenchreai (Hohlfelder 1978) 1 Aphrodisias (MacDonald 1976) 142 9 151 Sardis (Bell 1916) 121 13 134 Corinth, Demctcrand Korc (Fisher 1972-74) 115 3 118 Masada (Meshorer 1989) 115 1 116 Cyzicus (Koker 2003) 107 4 111 Corinth, Prankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 99 4 103 Corycean cave (Picard 1984) 99 1 100 Corinth 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 48 6 54 Abou Danne (Doyen 1987) 51 1 52 Phanagoreia 1996 (Ashton 2003) 32 32 Sagalassos (Scheers 1993-2000) 21 1 23 Pailaka (Callot 1984) x5 15 [crash (Bellinger 1938) 10 10 Total 35.102 997 7 1 36,107 97.2% 2.8% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% i8o A Conspectus of Conspectuses in terms of the number of sites (140, instead of the thirty-seven here) and in the number of coins (an astonishing 168,828, if calculations are correct, compared to 35,966).* Converted into percentages, this gives the distribution in Table iB (sites are classified in a decreasing order of percentages for bronze coins). Table iB. Distribution by metals (in percentages) OlltS X It AIT Pt .vie|(ai tl \-" • "■"r^-' lyjjj 100.0 Jxt-Jiciiicm \riUHiiCHici x.y/ 0j Phanagoreia 1996 (Ashton 2003} 100-0 FallaKcl \V_aU*Jl lyoij^ C\Cl ft yy.o 0.2 Pricnc (Rcgling 1927) ,Vi ft yy.o \J,A Pergamum (Regling 1914) 99-5 0.5 _ _ Pergamum (Voegtli 1993) 99-3 0.7 - - T"^*->i^o \ I—l-J/'L'^n G I ITAt 99.2 C\ ft 99-1 u.y nA At*il 1 T? i'M 1^ C f\rt -itl/i fl*»t>l A tit" 1 f\"> ft 1 ivjccyuciJici ^j.\uuiijouij aiiu v_/iciiic!Ji xy^of yy.i "-y fin n A n( / \l'V''-j*n~r/» i t\c^ 1 nJIUUUl \ VVdaliC LyyJ.) nft ft yo.o 1.2 Tanis (Amandry 1997) nft ft yo.o 1.2 Athens (Kroll 1993) 98.7 1.-1 ■J 0.0 0.0 Karanis (Haalvedl and Peterson 1964) 98.6 1.4 Troy (Bellinger 196.1) 98.6 1-4 A'lKhanoum (Bernard 1985) 98.4 1.6 Tarsus (Cox 1950) 98.4 1.6 Abou Danne (Doyen 1987) 98.1 i-9 Sardis (Bultrey el al. 1981) 97-8 2.0 0.2 Corinth, Demeter and Kore (Fisher 1972-74) 97-5 2.5 Seuthopolis (Dimitrov and Pentchev 1984) 97-3 2.7 Olympia (Moustaka 1999) 96-9 3-2 Cyz.icus (Koker 2003) 96.4 3-6 Corinth, Frankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 96.1 3-9 Dura Europos (Bellinger 1949) 95-9 4-1 Sagalassos (Scheers 1993-2000) 95-5 4-5 Corinth, Forum area (Fisher 1972-74) 95-3 4-7 Susa (Le Rider 1965) 95-3 4-7 (95%) Aphrodisias (MacDonald 1976) 94.O 6.0 Olynthus (Robinson 1931) 93-0 7.0 Al-Mina (Robinson 1937) 92-3 7-7 Olynthus (Robinson and Clement 1938) 91.2 8.8 Sardis (Bell 1916) 90.3 9-7 Corinth 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 88.9 1.1 Cyrene (Buttrey 1997) 84.5 149 0.5 4. The average number of coins per site is thus close (1,206 for Roman and 999 for Greek). Francois de Callatay 181 It turns out that the Athenian Agora is located in the upper part of the list (with fifteen sites producing even higher percentages of bronzes, and twenty-two lower percentages). But, with 98.7% for bronze coins, Athens stands very close indeed to the median value (98.4%). This is likely to represent a more realistic percentage than those that Table 1A cal- culated from absolute numbers (97.2% for bronzes, 2.8% for silver [for which, although for different reasons, sites like Cyrene or Olynthus are clearly atypical]). Of course, we have to remember that people's behavior differed, depending on whether they lost silver or bronze coins. In the case of silver, it was worthwhile to actively look for the missing coin, as best exemplified by Luke (15: 8-9, the Parable of the Lost Sheep and Coin): "Or what woman, if she has ten silver drachms and loses one of them, does not light a lamp, sweep the house, and search thoroughly until she finds it? Then when she has found it, she calls together her friends and neighbours, saying, 'Rejoice with me, for I have found the coin that 1 had lost'" The recovery of a bronze coin was not so exciting or desired. 'Ihe tenth character of Iheophrastus is devoted to "pennypinching", an immoderate sparing of expense: "And if his wife drops a three-penny piece [trichalkon], he is capable of moving the dishes, couches, and chests, and searching in the floorboards" (Theophrastus Characters 10.1). What was true in ancient times also holds true now. Excavation workmen may be quicker to conceal a silver coin than a bronze one. It is thus likely that silver coins published in official reports may be fewer than the real number discovered by modern excavations, and surely underestimated in terms of real ancient circulation compared to bronzes (for these questions, see Reece 1987; 1991). Kroll's conspectus allows a chronological study of the repartition by metals as shown in Table 2. The intermediary columns are for coins whose current date falls across two centu- ries. Visualized on a graph, these numbers indicate almost exclusively bronzes (intermedi- ary columns have been excluded from the count) as shown in Figure 1. However, if we look at the data in terms of percentages, we see the pattern in Figure 2. Unsurprisingly, and as Table 2. Athenian Agora—repartition by metals (Kroll 1993) 6th c. 5th c. 4th c. 3rdc. 2ndc. istc. Gold (2) - - 1 ~ - - 1 Electron) (1) - 1 - Silver (161) n 61 56 16 7 2 3 5 Brotizc(i2,5i5) - 5 2,642 2,131 2,915 3,959 2 620 136 104 Total (12,676) 11 67 2,699 2,147 2,922 3,961 3 3 625 136 104 A Conspectus of Conspectuses Figure i. Athenian Agora—repartition by metals in numbers of coins (Kroll 1993) 99 100 100 Figure 2. Athenian Agora—repartition by metals in percentages (Kroll 1993) observed by Kroll (1993: 4): "Once a bronze coinage was introduced in the fourth century, bronze began to replace the smaller silver denominations in petty transactions and lessened dependency on silver in general". Ihis profound change between the fifth and the fourth centuries bc is also illustrated by- other sites, such as the external sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene ( Table 3), for which T. V. Buttrey provides some chronological statistics as well (Buttrey 1997). Table 3. Extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene—repartition by metals (Buttrey 1997: 2) 6th-5thc. 4th c. 3rd/carly ist c. Total Gold ■t 4 Silver 103 4 4 111 Bronze 76 553 629 Total 103 84 557 744 Francois de Callatay 6th-5thc. 4th c. 3rd-1stc. Figure 3. Extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene—repartition by metals in percentages (Buttrey 1997: 2) Table 4. Susa- —repartition by metals (Le Rider 1965) 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1 st c. 'Total Silver 33 26 8 35 102 Bronze 11 316 1,045 702 2.074 Total 44 342 1.053 737 2,176 Again, these data are more explicit when converted into a graph (Figure 3). The same pattern—a massive preponderance of bronze coins very soon after they started to be struck—may be observed everywhere. It may have been slower, as in the case of Susa (Table 4, Figure 4), where coinage was unknown before the arrival of Alexander the Great, and where bronze coins were not much in use before the third century bc (Le Rider 1965: 234-239). 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1 st c. Figure 4. Susa—repartition by metals in percentages (Le Rider 1965) A Conspectus of Conspectuses Local Versus Foreign Coinages Out of the 12,676 Greek coins published from the Athenian Agora, 10,809 are Athenian (85.3%). Again, is this a normal value for the Greek world? Tables 5A and 5B put these data into perspective. Table 5A. Local versus foreign coins (count by decreasing number of foreign coins) Sites Local Coinage Foreign Athens (Kroll 1993) 10,809 (Athens) 1,867 Zone (Gallani-Krikou 1996) 729 (Zone) 1,406 Olynthus (Robinson and Clement 1938) 2,443 (Chalcidic coins) 1.374 Olynthus (Robinson 1931) 647 (Chalcidic coins) 528 Seulhopolis (Dimitrov and Pentchev 1984) 849 (Seuthes) 456 Corinth 1936-1939 (Harris 1941) 657 (Corinth) 444 Olympia (Moustaka 1999) 136 (Elis) 329 Antioch (Waage 1952) 1,048 (Antioch and Seleucids at Antioch) 266 Pricnc (Regling 1927) 5.433 (Priene) 259 Sardis (Buttrey et al. 1981) 200 (Sardis) 252 Pergamum (Regling 1914) 443 (326 Pergamum and 117 Pergamene kingdom) 191 Pergamum (Voegtli 1993) 285 (192 Pergamum and 93 Pergamene kingdom) 161 Corinth, Forum area (Fisher 1972-74) 325 (Corinth) 163 Troy (Bellinger 1961) 85 (Ilium) 124 Sardis (Bell 1916) 25 (Sardis) 109 Deles (Hackens 1970) 406 (37S Athens and 28 Delos) 101 Aphrodisias (MacDonald 1976) 58 (Aphrodisias) 93 Kenchreai (Hohlfelder 1978) 64 (Corinth) 88 Corinth, East of the Theater (Zervos 1982-88) 108 (Corinth) 83 Corinth, Prankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 46 (Corinth) 57 Corinth, Demetcr and Kore (Fisher 1972-74) 76 (Corinth) 42 Cyzicus (Koker 2003) (Cyzicus) 30 Corinth 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 29 (Corinth) 25 Masada (Meshorer 1989) 92 (Jewish) 24 Cyrene (Buttrey 1997) 725 (Cyrene) 19 Tanis (Amandry 1997) 232 (Ptolemaic coins) 10 Phanagoreia 1996 (Ashton 2003) 29 (Pantikapaion 27 and Phanagoreia 2) 3 Karanis (Haatvedt and Peterson 1964) 282 (Ptolemaic coins) 0 Francois de Cam.atay 185 Table 5B. Local versus foreign coins (percentages by increasing proportion of foreign coins) Sites Local Foreign Karanis (Haatvedl and Peterson 1964) 100.0% 0.0% Cyrcne (Butlrey 1997) 97.4% 2.0% Panic 1 A ivniKirif t^tc^l I dillS (.\l I l.ll Kl I \ 197// 95-9™ a foe Priene (Regling 1927) 95.8% t - Phanagoreia 1996 (Ashton 2003) 90.0% 9.4% (95%) Thasos (Picard i997< 31) more than 90% less than 10% < ,1,, „ „ /t^_ 11 ...... \ Athens (Kroll 1993) 85.3% 14.7% Delos (Hackens 1970) 80.1 % 19.9% Antioch (Waage 1952) -..« (1(1/ 20.2% Masada (Meshorer 1989) 79.3% 20.7% (75%) Cyzicus (Koker 2003) 73-0% .'.~.(l"(i Perganium (Regling 1914) 69.9% 30.1% v^ulllllll, I UIU11I illLil \1 IMlt.1 ly/Z OUJ DO.) /0 33-5™ Seuthopolis (Dimitrov and Pentchev 1984) 65.1% 34.9"" Corinth, Demeter and Kore (Fisher 1972-74) 64.4% 35-6% Olynthus (Robinson and Clement 1938) 64.0% 36.0% Pergamum (Voegtli 1993) 63.9% 36.1% Corinth 1936-1939 (Harris 1941) 59-7% 40.3% Corinth, east of the 'Iheater (Zervos 1982-98) 56.5% 43-5% Olynthus (Robinson 1931) 55.1% 44-9% Corinth 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 53-7% 46.3% Corinth, Prankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 44-7% 55-3% Sardis (Buttrey et al. 1981) 44.2% 55.8% Kenchreai (Hohlfeldcr 1978) 42.1% 57.9% Troy (Bellinger 1961) 40.7% 59-3% Aphrodisias (MacDonald 1976) 38.4% 61.6% Zone (Gallani-Krikou 1996) 34.1% 65.9% Olympia (Moustaka 1999) 29.2% 70.8% Sardis (Bell 1916) 8.7% 91.3% It comes as no surprise to learn that, here, the Athenian evidence is not close to the av- erage. With six cases higher and twenty-:wo lower, the proportion of local coins at Athens (85.3%) was high. Here we may distinguish between at least three categories: sites embed- ded in a closed monetary economy (e.g., Karanis and Tanis in Egypt), sites that were also major ancient mints (e.g., Athens and Thasos—but see Corinth), and others where foreign coins were naturally more abundant. there is no reason to think that foreign coins entered into local circulation in the same proportion at every point in history. For the Athenian Agora, we do indeed observe strong variations (Table 6). Leaving aside the intermediary columns, which are for coins dated "a cheval" (between two centuries, e.g., fifth-fourth century), we are able to construct the fol- lowing graphs expressed first in numbers, then in percentages (Figures 5 and 6). 186 A Conspectus of Conspectuses Table 6. Local and foreign coins of the Athenian Agora (Kroll 1993) 6th c. 5th c 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1st c. Athenian (10,809) 10 59 2,230 356 1,512 2.752 3.890 Non-Athenian (1,867) 1 8 469-1- 635+ 170+ 69 3 3 269+ 13G+ 104+ Total (12,676) 11 67 2,699+ 2,147+ 2,922+ 3.959 3 3 625+ 136+ 104+ Figure 5. Local and foreign coins of the Athenian Agora—in numbers (Kroll 1993) 6th c. 5th c. 4th c. 3rdc. 2ndc. Istc. Figure 6. Local and foreign coins of the Athenian Agora—in percentages (Kroll 1993) It appears that the percentages of foreign coins in Athens fluctuated between 2% and 30%. Here again we may well wonder if there are biases in our data. As everywhere else, the chances of discard were higher for foreign coins, which were not legal tender in Athens, than for Athenian coinages. Kroll sees an analogy with Canadian coins now circulating in the United States, mainly along the frontier. It is likely that foreign bronzes were not legal tender but were still used, especially the very small denominations. Still, variations remain Francois de Callatay and I have no difficulty in sharing Kroll's point of view: "After the Athenian restriking of this Macedonian bronze in the 220s, therefore, the inflow of supplementary outside bronze currencies was sharply reduced, either because the supply of Athenian bronze had become more abundant or, more probably, because a new attitude or policy discouraged the use of non-Athenian bronze now that bronze coins were more commonly issued in larger de- nominations and were playing a larger role vis-a-vis silver in the monetary economy" (Kroll 1993: 169). Chronological Tables and Greek numismatics To produce a recapitulative and chronological table of all the coins found in a single ar- chaeological site is by no means a novelty, even if it occurs only sporadically today and is less common for the Greek world than for the Roman world. For the Greek world, with its endless number of cities and dynasts, and their bronze issues being often so loosely dated in the literature, it may look discouraging to adopt a chronological division of the material. Many catalogues of archaeological finds even avoid giving a date for some coinages they deal with. Certainly, it is less trouble to list all the coins, city after city, and to include a map displaying all the provenances. Table 7 summarizes the evidence drawn from the references in this papers bibliography. For each site, it gives the number of Greek coins, as well as information (with references to pages) on the existence of a map of provenances (six cases out of forty-three), a conspectus (twenty-six cases), or a chronological table of the finds (nine cases). How much simpler the imperial Roman world looks, especially the High Empire, with its one international currency, struck by emperors the length of whose reigns is known. It is thus easy to calculate how many coins per year have been found for Trajan, for Hadrian, and so on. Consequently, what is known as the "Ravetz index" is of common use to Roman field archaeologists, but practically ignored by Greek numismatists (Ravetz 1964).5 However, a chronological table is not a new practice in Greek numismatics (Robinson and Clement 1938: 364-368 [very schematic: before and after 348 bc] and Harris 1941: 156). The graph published by J. M. Harris (1941) for the coins found at Corinth resembles, and thus anticipates, the ones Roman numismatists are familiar with (Figure 7). It has to be noticed that the practice of providing a chronological table for Greek coins was a common rule in Russian publications for many decades. Reproduced in Table 8 are the combined results of two articles for the Crimean sites of Tiritake and Myrmekion (Zograf 1952: 383 [Tiritake] and 384 [Myrmekia]; Belova 1955: 347-348 [Tiritake] and 348-349 [Mirmekion]). These data are the basis for the graph in Figure 8. 5. The Ravetz index, adapted by Casey (1988: 41-45), is calculated for each period by the formula: (number of coins per period x 1,000) / (length of each period x total number of coins found on the site). On the uses and abuses of the so-called Ravetz index (since the idea and the formula is not very elaborated), see Reece {passim) and, very explicitly with nice fictional examples, van Heesch (1998: 23-26, "De Ravetz-methode"). 188 A Conspectus of Conspectuses Table 7. Publications of Greek coins found in archaeological excavations—some criteria of their quality Sites (J reek Map Chronological Coins Table Alliens /KVrtll 1 nn 11 .\MlLlis i,rxruU iyyj) 12,676 V\'l 11_f V III .Will W \ 1 w 111 AAt 1 Pricne (Regling 1927) 5.692 179-0/ Olynthus (Robinson and Clement 1938) 3»8l7 iAa ft 304-0 Susa (Le Rider 1965) 2,170 234~4i Zone (Gallani-Krikou 1996) 2»135 Aft—n Antioch (Waage 1952) i>3 '4 173-5 *v»»i il nim»\lif / T"l i m ! t fi'Wi '»rwi l^/>ri ti~ t t i\H a\ otuiiiolkhis \i-'immu\ *uiu ttniLiiLv 1 \ 1 1-3°5 126—7 1/-* 6-7 Corinth 1936-1939 (Harris 1941) 1,101 147-52 ISO Cyrcne (Buttrey 1997) 744 2-3 2 Sardis (Buttrey et al. 1981) 710 4-5 4-5 Megara (Waage 1935) /Lilt Pcrgamum (Regling 1914) 034 Paphos (Nicolaou 1990) 596 123-30 507 413 409-12 Corinth, forum area (Fisher 1972-80) Olympia (Moustaka 1999) 4(>5 154 Pcrgamum (Voegtli 1993) 44" 5-0 Mirmekia (Zograi 1952 andBelova 1955) 409 347-5 1> 382-6 347~5°» 382-4 Tiritake (Zograf 1952 and Belova j 955) 333 347~5ii 382-6 347-5<>. 382-4 Karanis (Haatvedt and Peterson 1964) 202 4-7 Al-Mina (Robinson 1937) 273 lanis (Amandry 1997) 242 3 "4 > Mecyberna (Robinson and Clement 193&) 211) 373 lroy (Bellinger 1961) 209 Dura Furopos (Bellinger 1949) 197 11 Corinth, East of the Theater (Zervos 1982-88) 191 passim A3 Khanoum (Bernard 1985) I84 154-8 Tarsus (Cox 1950) 182 Kenchreai (Hohlfeldcr 1978) 152 92 92 Aphrodisias (Macl)onald 1976) 151 43 41-2 Curium (Cox 1959) 149 Sardis (Bell 1916) 134 iv Corinth, Demeter and Korc (Fisher 1972-74) 118 Masada (Meshorer 1989) 116 Cyzicus (Kokcr 2003) 111 Corinth, Prankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 103 passim Coryceancave (Picard 1984) 100 282 Corinth 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 54 Abou Danne (Doyen 1987) 52 Phanagoreia 1996 (Ashton 2003) 32 Sagalassos (Scheers 1993-2000) 22 Failaka (Callot j 984) 15 (crash (Bellinger 1938) 10 8-9 Francois de Callatay 189 Figure 7. Chronological distribution of coins found at Corinth (after Harris 1941:1561 Table 8. Greek coins found in Tiritake and Myrmekion (Zograf 1952; Belova 1955) 5 th c. 4th c. 3«l c. 2iidc. 1st c. Total Tiritake (Zograf) 44 106 53 81 289 Tiritake (Belova) 2 1 10 10 7 14 44 Total 46 116 65 95 333 Mirmekia (Zograf) 61 103 42 35 241 Mirmekia (Belova) 3 2 72 8 28 26 29 168 Total 64 175 7<> 61 409 It is all too clear how dangerous it would be to draw general conclusions about the mon- etization of these two sites, not that distant from each other, from these graphs alone. Let us repeat that secure chronologies are of paramount importance, and that this simple re- quirement is rarely met with Greek bronze coinages. There is a wider range of data available for the northern Pontic shores. For Chersonesus, still in Crimea, A. M. Gilevich provides us with a detailed list of all the coins that were not struck in Chersonesus (Gilevich 1968). 190 A Conspectus of Conspectuses 4th c. 3rdc. 2ndc. Istc. Figure 8. Greek coins found in Tiritake and Myrmekion (Zograf 1952; Belova 1955) She puts this decent number of coins (682) into chronological perspective, with a different result (Table 9). Table 9. Foreign Greek coins found in Chersonesus (Gilevich 1968) m 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1 st c. Total Chersonesus (Gil.) 1 44 | 73 9 100 236" 212 682 a. The massive import of Mithridatic bronzes is mainly dated here to the second and first centuries bc (129 for Amisus and 37 for Sinope, thus 166 out of 236 coins). It would be tempting to amalgamate all the available data in order to produce what would resemble for -archaeological coins the "Master Hoard" ventured by M. Crawford (Crawford 1974: 642-671; Buttrey 1993: 335). Let us add, for this purpose, two other sets of information coming from two very different sites: the foreign coins* found by French archaeologists in the House of the Comedians on Delos and the royal (both Seleucid and Parthian) coins found at Seleucia on the Tigris (Table 10; Figure 9). Table 10. Coins found in Delos and Seleucia on the Tigris Delos: ilot de la Maison des Comediens (Hackens 1970: 387-419) 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. istc. Total Foreign coins 6 10 28 42 86 Seleuceia on the Tigris (Le Ridex 1998:72) 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1st c. Total Italian excavations 36 162 263 461 McDowell '47 410 430 987 Total 183 572 693 1448 6. This excludes the Athenian and Delian coins, which are highly abundant on Delos. Francoks de Callatay 191 50 |— 40 30 20 4th c. 3rdc. 2nd c. 1st c. Figure 9. Athens, Chersonesus, Delos, and Seleucia on the Tigris—percentages of coins recovered per century, calculated out of the total for the last four centuries bc 100 1— 40 Chersonesus Athens e Seleuceia ■ Delos 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. Figure 10. Athens, Chersonesus, Delos, and Seleucia on the Tigris—percentages of coins recovered per century, with a base 100 for the first century bc It has often been noted that the so-called Ravetz index could be easily misused, if com- paring percentages derived from sequences of different chronological lengths (which is not here the case). A way to manage this kind of distortion is to attribute the same value to a certain set of data (here the final one) and to calculate the percentages from what we had before. In this case, it does not affect very much the shape of the graph (Figure 10). What do these chronological tables say about the monetization of ancient societies? There is no shortage of warnings for those who would be tempted to find in these rough numbers the much desired model of the growing monetization of ancient economies. Re- ferring to coinage production, Olivier Picard once argued that the Ravetz index would be of very limited use if applied to the Greek world. "On the other hand, how exhaustive and pre- cise it could be, this productivity table does not allow any estimate of how the economical activities vary.. monetary production is not the result of the richness or the importance of the activities of a city" (Picard 1997: 33). He rightly dissociates production and circulation. The production of coins is just one face of the problem, as Reece has continuously insisted (Reece 1987, 1991-93, 1996). And, as numismatists seem more ready to accept than histo- rians, coins (even in bronze) were rarely struck for commercial reasons. But coins found in excavations and hoards form another side of the information available to us; they are the forgotten remnants of actual circulation. 192. A Conspectus of Conspectuses Table 11. The number of Greek coins found per square meter in Delos and Paphos Sites Number of Greek coins Surface excavated Surface per coin Delos, Ilot des Comediens 507 1,920 m! 1 coin for c. 3.8 in2 Paphos, House of Dionysos 596 5,000 ma 1 coin for c. 8.4 ms In regard to these questions, Roman numismatists are far ahead of their colleagues who deal with Greek coinages; there is much to learn from them. This article is a call for more audacious studies about the levels of monetization in the Greek world, studies that should take advantage of chronological tables such as the illuminating one produced by Jack Kroll for Athens. Additional Remark: A Surface Index It-is^a pity that, as a rule, archaeological publications of coins fail to mention excavated sur- faces. It would be of prime interest to get some quantitative ideas about the number of coins recovered per unit of surface, and some cases favor such a treatment: the Hellenistic block of houses in Delos known as "L'ilot de la Maison des Comediens" (about 50x100 m), fully excavated by the French School (Hackens 1970); and the Hellenistic "House of Dionysos" in Paphos (roughly 48x40 m), fully excavated as well (Nicolaou 1990). Table 11 summarizes the data. To take these numbers at face value, and with everything else being equal, it appears that Delos was more monetized than Paphos, hardly a surprising conclusion. It is difficult to estimate the entire surface excavated by the American School in the Athenian Agora up to 1990, but 6 hectares (60,000 m1) must not be too far off the mark. If so, it would mean the recovery of one Greek coin for every 4.8 m1 (12,515 coins). At first sight, these results, which seem plausible, appear meager: one coin for every 5 square meters is paucity indeed, especially since this«covers all the strays from the sixth to the first century bc. But what then to think of the excavations of AT Khanoum, which in many digs (1965-1978) mounted in many areas (no fewer than twenty-one; see Bernard 1985: 115-116) brought to light 184 Greek coins (out of a total of 224)? More detailed information such as "5 coins for the The- ater area" illustrates even more dramatically the paucity of coins recovered there. Despite the many dangers of extrapolation, it is much to be hoped that, in the future, such kind of calculations may be extended. Bibliography Amandry, M. 1997. Monnaies isolees decouvertes en fouille a Tanis (1976-1994). In: Ph. Brissaud and Ch. Zivie-Coche, eds., Tanis. Travaux recents sur le Tell S&n el-Hagar. Mis- sion francai.se desfouilles de Tanis 1987-97, pp. 353-377. Paris: Noesis. Francois de Callatax 193 Ashton, R. H. J. 2003. Excavation coins from Phanagoreia. Numismatic Chronicle 163: 379-385. Bell, H. W. 1916. Sardis XI: coins. Part 1:1910-1914. Leyde. Bellinger, A. R. 1930. Catalogue of the coins found at Corinth, 1925. New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press. -. 1938. Coins from Jerash, 1928-1934. Numismatic Notes and Monographs 81. New York: American Numismatic Society. -. 1949. The excavations at Dura Europos. Final report VI: the coins. New Haven: Yale University Press. -. 1961. Troy: the coins. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Belova, L. N. 1955. Moneti iz raskopok Tiritaki, Mirmekia i Ilurata, b 1946-1953 gg. Materiali i Issledobania po Archeologii SSSR 85: 330-351. Bernard, P. 1985. Fouilles d'A'i Khanoum IV. Les monnaies hors tresors; questions d'histoire greco-bactrienne. Memoires de la Delegation archeologique francaise en Afghanistan 28. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard. Buttrey, T. V. 1993. Calculating ancient coin production: facts and fantasies. 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Crawford, M. H. 1974. Roman republican coinage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dimitrov, K., and V. Pentchev. 1984. Sevtopolis II: Antichni I srednovekovin moneti. Sofia. Doyen, J.-M. 1987. Les monnaies antiques du Tell Abou Danne et d'Oumm el-Marra (cam- pagnes 1976-1985). Bruxelles. Edwards, K. M. 1933. Corinth VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fisher, J. E. 1972-74. The sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth. Hesperia 41.3 (1972): 318-331; Flesperia 43.3 (1974): 292-307. 194 A Conspectus of Conspectuses -. 1972-80. "The forum area." Hesperia 41.2 (1972): 174-184; Hesperia 42.1 (1973): 34-44, pi. 12; Hesperia 43.1 (1974): 46-76 = data not usable; Hesperia 44.1 (1975): 30-50, pi. 11; Hesperia 45.2 (1976): 138-162, pi. 25; and Hesperia 49.1 (1980): 1-29. Gallani-Krikou, M. 1996. The mint at Zone: the evidence of the excavations at Aegean Mesembria-Zone. In: XAPAKTHP. Aftepw/Aa orn Mccvtw OikovouiSov, pp. 63-80. Athens. Gilevich, A. M. 1968. 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Paris: Paul Geuthner. -. 1998. Seleucie du Tigre. Les monnaies seleucides et parthes. Firenze: Casa Editrice Le Lettere. MacDonald, D. J. 1976. Greek and Roman coins from Aphrodisias. BAR Suppl. Ser. 9. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. Meshorer, Y. 1989. The coins of Masada. In: Masada I. The Yigael Yadin excavations 1963- 1965. Final Reports, pp. 71-132, pi. 61-81. Jerusalem. Moustaka, A. 1999. Die Fundmunzen der Sudostgrabung. In: Bericht uber die Ausgrabungen in Olympia, IX, 152-180, pi. 42-45. Berlin and New York. Nicolaou, 1.1990. Paphos II: the coins from the house ofDionysos. Nicosia. Picard, O. 1984. Monnaies. In: VAnlre corycien, II, Bulletin de correspondance hellenique Suppl. 9, 281-306. Athens and Paris. -. 1997. Monnaies de fouilles et histoire grecque: lexemple de Thasos. In: K. A. Sheedy and Ch. Papageorgiadou-Banis, eds., Numismatic archaeology. Archaeological numis- matics. Proceedings of an International (Conference held to honour Dr. Mando Oecono- mides in Athens 1995, pp. 29-39. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ravetz, A. 1964. The fourth-century inflation and Romano-British coin finds. Numismatic Chronicle 7, no. 4: 201-231. Reece, R. 1987. Coin finds and coin production. In: G. Depeyrot et al., Rythmes de laproduc- Francois de Callatay '95 Man monetaire, de lantiquite a nos jours, pp. 335-341. Louvain-la-Neuve : Seminaire de Nuraismatique Marcel Hoc, College Erasme. -. 1991. Roman coins from 140 sites in Britain. Cirencester: Coswold Studies. -. 1991-93. Coins as minted and coins as found. Acta Numismatica 21-23: 57-62. -. 1996. The interpretation of site finds: a review. In: C. E. King and D. G. Wigg, eds., Coin finds and coin use in the Roman world: Oxford symposium on coinage and monetary history 13, pp. 341-355. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. Regling, K. 1914. Munzfunde aus Pergamon. Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 49.10-11: 5671-5685, 5703-5718- -. 1927. Die Miinzen von Priene. Berlin. Robinson, D. M. 1931. Excavations at Olynthus. Part III: The coins found at Olynthus in 1928. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. -., and P. A. Clement. 1938. Excavations at Olynthus. Part IX: The Chalcidic mint and the excavation coins found in 1928-1934. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Robinson, E. S. G. 1937. Coins from the excavations at Al-Mina (1936). Numismatic Chron- icle 5th series 65:182-196. Rotroff, S. I. 1997. Coins and stratigraphy. In: K. A. Sheedy and Ch. Papageorgiadou-Banis, eds., Numismatic archaeology. Archaeological numismatics. Proceedings of an interna- tional conference held to honour Dr. Mando Oeconomides in Athens 1995, pp. 8-16. Ox- ford: Oxbow Books. Rusten, J., and I. C. Cunningham. 2002. Theophrastus, Characters, Herodas, Mimes, Sophron and other mime fragments. Loeb 225, Cambridge-London, pp. 82-85. Scheers, S. 1993-2000. Catalogue of the coins. In: M. VVaelkens and J. Poblomme, eds., Sa- galassos, II (1993): 249-260; III (1995): 307-323; IV (1997): 315-350; V (2000): 509-549- I.euven: Leuven University Press, van Heesch, J. 1998. De muntcirculatie tijdens de romeinse tijd in het Noordwesten van Gallia Belgica. De civitates van de Nerviers en de Menapiers (ca. 50 v.C-450 n.C). Brussels. Voegtli, H. 1993. Die Fundmunzen aus der Stadtgrabung von Pergamon. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. Waage, D. B. 1952. Antioch-on-the-Orontes, IV.2: Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusaders' coins. Princeton. Waage, F. 0.1935. Greek bronze coins from a well at Megara. Numismatic Notes and Mono- graphs 70. New York: American Numismatic Society. Walker, A. 1997. Excavations coins: the use and misuse of numismatic evidence in archae- ology. In: K. A. Sheedy and Ch. Papageorgiadou-Banis, eds.. Numismatic archaeology. Archaeological numismatics. Proceedings of an international conference held to honour Dr. Mando Oeconomides in Athens 1995, pp. 17-26. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Zervos, O. PI. 1982-88. East of the theater: the coins. Hesperia 51.2 (1982): 145-163, pi. 47; Hesperia 52.1 (1983): 33-47, pi. 12; Hesperia 54.1 (1985): 81-96, pi. 18; Hesperia 55.2 (1986): 196 A Conspectus of Conspectuses 163-175, pi. 37; Hesperia 56.1 (1987): 33-46, pi. 8; and Hesperia 57.2 (1988): 132-146, pi. 44- -. 1989-98. Prankish Corinth: the coins. Hesperia 58.1 (1989): 37-50, pi. 13; Hesperia 60.1 (1991): 41-58, pi. 8; Hesperia 61.2 (1992): 179-191, pi. 45; Hesperia 62.1 (1993): 36-52, pi. 12; Hesperia 63.1 (1994): 41-56, pi. 13; Hesperia 64.1 (1995): 40-60, pi. 15; Hesperia 65.1 (1996): 40-55, pi. 9; Hesperia 66.2 (1997): 173-192, pi. 53; and Hesperia 67.3 (1998): 265-281, pi. 49. Zograf, A. N. 1952. Opisanie monet, naidennykh pri raskopkakh Tiritaki i Mimrmekiya v 1935-1940 gg. Materialy i issledovaniia po archeologii SSSR 25: 363-386. Appendix 1: Alphabetical List of Archaeological Sites with Published Greek Coins Abou Panne (Doyen 1987) 52 Greek coins (1 in silver [1.9%] and 51 in bronze [98.1%]) out of 83 48 for the Seleucids (92.3%) (47 struck in Antioch), 2 for Antioch,... Ai Khanoum (Bernard 1985) 184 Greek coins (3 in silver [1.6%] and 181 in bronze [98.4%]) out of 224 68 for the Seleucids, 49 for F.uthydemus I,... (149? [81.0%] for the mint of Ai Khanoum) Comment: This is a small amount for many campaigns (1965-1978) covering no less than 21 areas on the site (for example: 5 coins for the Theater, etc.—see p. 115-16). Al-Mina (Robinson 1937)—mainly fourth century bc 273 Greek coins (21 in silver [7.7%] and 252 in bronze [92.3%]) 194 for Alexander III, 20 for Aradus, 8 for Ptolemies, 6 for Athens,... Antioch (Waage 1952) 1,314 Greek coins (1,298 in bronze [98.8%] and 16 in silver (1.2%]) out of 14,486 1,009 f°r the Seleucids (out of which 898 for the mint of Antioch), 150 for Antioch, 55 for Seleucia Pieria, 33 for the Ptolemies (10 in silver), 18 for Demetrius Poliorcetes,... Aphrodisias (MacDonald 1976) 151 Greek coins (9 in silver [6.0%] and 142 in bronze [94.0%]) out of 61 5 58 for Aphrodisias (38.4%), 6 for Ephesus, 4 for Tabai,... Athens (Kroll 1993) 12,676 Greek coins (2 in gold, 1 in electrum, 161 in silver [1.3%], and 12,515 in bronze (98.7%I) 10,809 for Athens + 1,867. Corinth, 1925 (Bellinger 1930) 54 Greek coins (48 in bronze [88.9%] and 6 in silver [10.1%]) out of 1,305 29 for Corinth (53.7%), 6 for Sicyon,... Francois de Callatay Corinth, 1936-1939 (Harris 1941) 1,101 Greek coins (no details by metal available) out of 26,521 657 for Corinth (59.7%), Sicyon,... Corinth, Forum area (Fisher 1972-80) 488 Greek coins (23 in silver [4.7%] and 465 in bronze [95.3%]) out of 1,144 325 for Corinth (66.6%), Sicyon,... Corinth, Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore (Fisher 1972-74) 118 Greek coins (3 in silver [2.5%] and 115 in bronze [97.5%]) out of 208 76 for Corinth (64.4%), Sicyon,... Corinth, East of the Theater (Zervos 1982-88) 191 Greek coins (all in bronze) out of 1,117 108 for Corinth (56.5%), Sicyon,... Corinth, Frankish Corinth (Zervos 1989-98) 103 Greek coins (4 in silver [3.9%] and 99 in bronze [96.1%]) out of 2,028 46 for Corinth (44.796), Sicyon,... Corycean Cave (Picard 1984) 100 Greek coins (1 in silver and 99 in bronze) out of 110 16 for the Locrians, 14 for the Phocidians, 10 for the Etolians, 8 for the Boeotians,... Curium (Cox 1959) 149 Greek coins (all in bronze) 30 for Ptolemy II, 21 for Ptolemy I, 10 for Ptolemy VIII, 8 for Alexander III, 5 for Curium, 5 for the Seleucids,... Cyrene, Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone (Buttrey 1997) 744 Greek coins (4 in gold [0.5%], 111 in silver [14.9%], and 629 in bronze [84.5%]) out of 834 725 for Cyrene (97.4%), 9 for Euesperides, 3 for Rhodes, 3 for Corcyra, 2 for Barce,... Cyzicus, 1952-53 (Koker 2003) 111 Greek coins (4 in silver [3.6%] and 107 in bronze [96.4%]) out of 193 81 for Cyzicus (73.0%), 7 for Alexander the Great, 3 for Lampsacus and Pergamum,... Delos, L'llot des Comediens (Hackens 1970)—second century / beginning of first century bc. 507 Greek coins (4 in silver [0.8%) and 503 in bronze [99.2%]) out of 509 378 for Athens (74.6%), 28 for Delos, 8 for Ptolemies, 8 for Tinos, 7 for Myconos, 7 for Bargylia (found together),... Comment: The surface of L'llot de la Maison des Comediens is roughly 1,920 m2 (48 x 40 m). It means, as an average, 1 Greek coin for 3.8 m2. A Conspectus of Conspectuses Dura Europos (Bellinger 1949) 197 Greek coins (189 in bronze [95.9%] and 8 in silver [4-1%]) out of 2,179 132 for the Seleucids, 21 for the Parthians, 4 for Alexander the Great, 5 for Aradus, 4 for Seleuceia on the Tigris, 3 for Laodicea,... Failaka (Callot 1984) 16 (identifiable) Greek coins (all in bronzes) out of 32 9 for the Seleucids (6 Antiochus III),... lerash (Bellinger 1938) 10 Greek coins (all in bronze) 4 for John Hyrcanus, 2 for Ptoleraais-Ace,... Karanis (Haatvedt and Peterson 1964) 282 Greek coins (4 in silver [1.4%] and 278 in bronze [98.6%]) out of 25,862 282 for Ptolemaic coinages Kenchreai, Eastern Port of Corinth (Hohlfelder 1978) 152 Greek coins (all in bronzes [100.0%]) out of 1,315 64 for Corinth (42.1%), 12 for Sicyon, 10 for Athens, 7 for Demetrius Poliorcetes,... Masada (Meshorer 1989) 116 Greek coins (115 in bronze [99-1%] and 1 in silver [0.9%]) out of 4,642 92 Jewish (nos. 19-110), 12 for the Ptolemies, 5 for the Seleucids, 3 for Ascalon,... Comment: no. 111 and after (several hundred specimens) were struck in 37-34 bc. Mecyberna (Robinson and Clement 1938, 251-260) 216 Greek coins (2 in silver [0.9%] and 214 in bronze [99.1%]) 73 for Philip II, 29 for Alexander III, 24 for Chalcidic coinage,... Megara, a well (Waage 1935)—only Hellenistic 682 Greek coins (only bronze) 357 for Sicyon (52.3%), 261 for Megara (38.2%), 6 for Athens, 3 for Argos,... Olympia (Moustaka 1999) 465 Greek coins (15 in silver [3.2%], 450 in bronze [96.8%]) out of 528 136 for Elis (29.2%), 91 for Sikyon,... Olynthus (Robinson 1931) 1,175 Greek coins (82 in silver [7.0%], 1093 in bronze [93.0%]) 647 for Chalcidic coins (55.1%), 67 for Bottiaea, 48 for Potidaea, 35 for Acanthus, 34 for Amphipolis Comment: 7% in silver (fourth century bc). Francois df, Cai.i.atay 199 Olynthus (Robinson and Clement 1938) 3,817 Greek coins (337 in silver [8.8%] and 3,480 in bronze [91.2%]) 2,443 for Chalcidic coins (64.0%), 172 for Potidaea (4.5%), 142 for Bottiaea (3.7%), 107 for Amphipolis (2.8%), 96 for Amyntas III (2.5%), 95 for Acanthus (2.5%) Paphos, House of Dionysos (Nicolaou 1990) 596 Greek coins (1 in silver [0.2% = drachm of Alexander III] and 595 in bronze [99.8%]) 554 for the Ptolemies (93.0% [517 struck in Cyprus]), 6 for Alexander III, 6 for Demetrius Poliorcetes, 5 for Timarchus, 4 for the Sclcucids,... Comment: The surface of the House of Dionysos is roughly 5,000 m! (50 x 100 m = 0.5 hectare). It means, as an average, 1 Greek coin for c. 5 m!. Pgrgamum (Regling 1914) 634 Greek coins (3 in silver [0.5%] and 631 in bronze [99.5%]) 326 for Pcrgamum (51.4%), 117 for the Pergamene kingdom (18.5%), 42 for Klaia, 25 for Gambreion, 15 for Kyme Pergamum (Voegtli 1993) 446 Greek coins (3 in silver [0.7%] and 443 in bronze [99.3%]) out of 1,093 192 for Pcrgamum (43.0%), 93 for the Pergamene kingdom (20.9%) + 161 Phanagoreia, 1996 (Ashlon 2003) 32 Greek coins (all in bronze) out of 53 identified coins 27 for Pantikapaion (84.4%), 2 for Phanagoreia (6.3%), 1 for Sinope, 1 for Rhodes Priene (Regling 1927) 5,692 Greek coins (5,682 in bronze [99.8%] and 10 in silver [0.2%]) out of 6,100 5,433 for Priene (95.8%), 70 for Miletus, 55 for Magnesia, 28 for Rphcsus,... Sagalassos (Scheers 1993-2000) 22 Greek coins (1 in silver [4.5%] and 21 in bronze [95.5%]) 11 for Sagalassos, 6 for Selgc,... Sardis (Bell 1916) 134 Greek coins (13 in silver [9.7%] and 121 in bronze [90.3%]) 26 for the Seleucids, 25 for Sardis (18.7%), 17 for Pergamum, 15 for Ephesus,... Sardis (Buttrey et al. 1981) 452 Greek coins (1 in gold, 9 in silver [2.0%], and 442 in bronze [97.8%]) out of 1,575 200 for Sardis (57.3%), 92 for Pcrgamum, 73 for the Seleucids, 24 for Ephesus,... Comment: A lot of Seleucid bronzes were actually struck at Sardis. Seuthopolis (Dimitrov and Pcntchev 1984), mainly c. 360-275 bc 1,305 Greek coins (35 in silver [2.7%]and 1,270 in bronze [97.3%]) 200 A Conspectus of Conspectuses 849 for Seufhes (65.1%), 134 for Philip II (10.3%), 73 for Alexander III (3.6%), 55 for Cas- sander, 41 for Lysimachus, 19 for Lysimacheia, 14 for Adaios,... Susa (Le Rider 1965) 2,176 Greek coins (.102 in silver [4.7%] and 2,074 to bronze [95.3%]) 384 for Mithridat.es II, 352 for Antiochus III,... Tanis (A mar. dry 1997) 242 Greek coins (3 in silver [1.2%] and 239 in bronze [98.8%]) out of 304 232 for Ptolemaic kings (95.9%), £> for Alexander III (3.3%),... Comment: This holds for 14 campaigns of excavations (c, 17 Greek coins per campaign). Tarsus, Gozlu Kule (Cox 1950) .1.82 Greek coins (179 in bronze [98.4%] and 3 in silver [i.6%j) out of 345 73 for Tarsus (40.64 for the Seleucids (21 Antiochus III, 12 Antiochus I,...),... Troy (Bellinger 1961) 209 Greek coins (3 in silver [1.4%] and 206 in bronze [98.6%]) out of 575 85 for Ilium (40.7%), 14 for Alexandreia Troas, 11 for Sigeura,... Zone (Gallani-Krikou 1996) 2,13 5 Greek coins (not details given) 729 for Zone (34.1%), 466 for Maroneia, 217 for Alexander III, 86 for Philip II, 23 for Ab- dera, 21 for Cassander, 19 for Ainus, 17 for Orthagoreia, 13 for Samothrace, 10 for Lysimachus